International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research (IJSSHR) ISSN 2959-7056 (o); 2959-7048 (p)
Objective and Scope: International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research (IJSSHR) is high citation, fully open access journal. All articles published are rigorously and fast reviewed meeting the Journal Quality standards. Original research work, reviews, case studies, surveys, letters, innovative trends, and idea are published which contribute to significant research and development activities. Theoretical papers, as well as practice-oriented papers, are welcomed for the improvement in the field of Social Science and humanities research. The objective is to spread researches to mitigate or solve global problems around the world. The journal focused on a fast and rigorous review process to ensure the relevancy, adequacy, and originality of the submitted manuscript. Special issues like Conference papers are invited which meet with the journal's peer review standard. Publication Frequency: It is a Quarterly published journal. The Paper is immediately uploaded after getting approval from reviewers. The author can see the current status (submission is under process, under review, accepted, etc.) of the paper anytime on the website. Supervising Editor: . Contact:admin@researchbridgepublisher.com Please to submit Manuscript, admin@researchbridgepublisher.com
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Board Characteristics and Operational Efficiency of Water and Sanitation Companies in Mount Kenya Region, Kenya.
Board characteristics have become a dominant subject matter of scholarly work both in the developing and the developed economies. It links the connectivity between the directors and stakeholders. The general objective of the study was to determine the relationship between board characteristics and operational efficiency of water and sanitation companies in Mount Kenya Region. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the effect of board size, board diversity, board competence and board frequency of meeting on operational efficiency of water and sanitation companies in Mount Kenya Region. The study reviewed various theories and models which included agency theory, stewardship theory, stakeholder’s theory and transaction cost theory. This study adopted quantitative research design. The population of the study comprised of 21water and sanitation companies in Mount Kenya Region. This study made use of all the 21 water and sanitation companies in Mount Kenya Region, hence a census. The researcher used secondary data which was extracted from the financial statements of the water and sanitation companies. The period of the study ranged from 2019 to 2024.This research used Panel Data Regression model to analyze data. The choice of the model was determined by the fact that this model is used to predict the value of one variable depending on the value of other variables in different periods. It was established that board size has a positive effect of 0.350 on the influence of operational efficiency. The study also established that board diversity has a positive effect of 0.283on the operational efficiency. The study further established that board competence has a positive effect of 0.180 on the operational efficiency. The study finally established that board frequency of meetings has a positive effect of 0.299 on the operational efficiency. Since the results revealed that the board characteristics are influential on operational efficiency, there is need for all the stakeholders to be aware of this. Board characteristics are vital for the successes of an entity. Therefore, there is the need for the owners and key stakeholders to be keen when selecting board members in the organizations. In particular board size, board diversity, board competence and board frequency of meeting were found to have a statistically significant effect on operational efficiency. Therefore, this study recommends that the organizations need to improve the qualification for board members in their firms in orders to solve the problem of operational efficiency. The study further recommends that board size is a key matter to consider, as well as board frequency of meetings as they were found to be the most influential variables in the study.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research (IJSSHR) ISSN 2959-7056 (o); 2959-7048 (p) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Strategic Management Practices and Organizational Performance of Mobile Telecommunication Firms in Kenya
This study examined the influence of strategic management practices on the organizational performance of mobile telecommunication firms in Kenya. Specifically, it investigated the effects of Strategic Planning, Strategic Leadership, Strategic Alliance, Strategic Innovation on firm performance. The study was guided by strategic fit theory, Ricky Griffin’s model, human capital theory, organizational culture theory, and the resource-based view theory. The research focused on the three main mobile telecommunication companies in Kenya—Safaricom, Airtel, and Equitel—and targeted all senior managers within these organizations. A total of 188 managers were identified as the study population, from which a sample size of 156 respondents was drawn using a simple random sampling technique. Data were analyzed using both descriptive statistics, including percentages, means, and standard deviations, and inferential statistics, primarily regression analysis, to test the study hypotheses. The findings revealed that strategic planning practices had a strong positive correlation with organizational performance, and regression analysis indicated a significant positive causal effect. Strategic leadership was found to exert a statistically significant influence on firm performance, with improvements in leadership practices likely to enhance overall organizational outcomes. The study also established that strategic alliances contributed significantly to firm performance, while strategic innovation demonstrated a positive and statistically significant impact on operational efficiency and competitive advantage. The results suggested that firms emphasizing strategic planning set clear objectives, allocate resources efficiently, and enhance performance. Similarly, strategic leadership facilitated a clear organizational vision and adaptability to dynamic market conditions. Furthermore, strategic alliances and innovation were found to strengthen competitiveness, operational efficiency, and responsiveness to evolving customer demands. The study recommended that mobile telecommunication firms in Kenya invest in continuous leadership development, actively pursue strategic alliances, and leverage innovation to sustain competitive advantage. Future research could examine the individual effects of these strategic management practices on specific performance indicators such as financial outcomes, customer satisfaction, and market share
Online Purchasing Systems and Performance of State Corporations in Nairobi County, Kenya
Online purchasing systems (OPS) are widely used in both public and private sectors to automate procurement workflows, reduce transaction costs, and enhance transparency. However, despite the significant role of state corporations play in the country's socio-economic development, many continue to face challenges such as procurement inefficiencies, delayed project execution, and weak supplier management systems. Limited empirical studies have explored how online purchasing systems specifically impacts supply chain optimization outcomes such as cost efficiency, supplier performance, inventory control, and responsiveness in the context of state corporations. This research, therefore, aimed to establish the influence of online purchasing systems on supply chain optimization in state corporations in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study focused on four key dimensions of online purchasing systems: procurement systems, Application Programming Interfaces, cloud-based enterprise resource planning systems, and e-catalogues. This research is underpinned by three theoretical frameworks: The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Resource-Based View (RBV), and Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) Framework. A descriptive research design was adopted, with the target population being legal officers, procurement officers, supply chain managers, ICT personnel, and finance officers from a 51 state corporations in Nairobi County, Kenya. A sample of 136 respondents was chosen using stratified random sampling. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, with regression analysis employed to explore relationships between online purchasing systems and performance outcomes. The study found that e-procurement systems significantly enhance the performance of state corporations in Kenya by promoting automation, efficiency, and accountability in procurement processes. The study also established that Application Programming Interfaces significantly enhance procurement performance by fostering interoperability, real-time information sharing, and data consistency across state corporations. The study further revealed that cloud-based ERP systems have a profound positive impact on the performance of state corporations by improving flexibility, coordination, data security, and compliance. The study finally found that e-catalogues significantly enhance the performance of state corporations in Kenya by streamlining procurement processes, improving order accuracy, and fostering supplier accountability. The study makes the following recommendations; State corporations should enhance the effectiveness of e-procurement systems by investing in user training, periodic system audits, and integration across all procurement functions. State corporations should strengthen API implementation by standardizing data formats, ensuring real-time synchronization, and investing in secure, interoperable systems linking procurement, finance, and audit functions. State corporations should institutionalize comprehensive training on cloud-based ERP systems, strengthen vendor management modules, and harmonize system functionalities across departments. Lastly, State corporations should prioritize full integration of e-catalogue systems into procurement workflows, accompanied by regular training and policy alignment.
Enterprise Resource Planning Modules and Supply Chain Performance of State-Owned Energy Corporations in Kenya
In an era where digital capability defines operational excellence, state-owned energy corporations in Kenya stand at a critical turning point: leverage Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) modules effectively or risk falling behind in service delivery and supply chain responsiveness. This study investigates how four key ERP components—procurement, warehouse management, logistics information management, and supplier relationship management—shape supply chain performance within KenGen, KETRACO, and Kenya Power. Anchored on Systems Theory, Adaptive Structuration Theory, Diffusion of Innovation Theory, and the Resource-Based View, the study adopts a cross-sectional survey design targeting 137 supply chain employees, from which 90 valid responses were obtained. Data collected through structured questionnaires underwent descriptive and inferential analysis using SPSS. Results reveal that all four ERP modules significantly influence supply chain performance, with procurement and logistics information management modules demonstrating the strongest effects. The procurement module enhanced electronic record-keeping, workflow automation, and compliance, while warehouse management improved inventory accuracy, stock monitoring, and storage efficiency. Logistics information management led to better data quality, increased system usage, real-time visibility, and reduced operational redundancies. Supplier relationship management contributed through improved feedback mechanisms, invoice posting, and digital submission of quotations, though challenges remained in quality assurance and timely deliveries. Regression analysis showed that ERP modules collectively explained 51% of the variance in supply chain performance. The study concludes that strengthening ERP functionality is essential for improving reliability, flexibility, lead times, and visibility in the energy sector. It recommends increased investment in digital sourcing tools, enhanced warehouse automation, deeper system integration, and stronger supplier engagement to maximise ERP-enabled performance gains.
Adoption of Information Communication Technology and Performance of Milimani Law Courts in Nairobi City County, Kenya
This study sought to determine the influence of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) adoption on the performance of Milimani Law Courts in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to assess how the adoption of ICT has influenced the efficiency of judicial proceedings, judicial turnover rates, access to legal services, and judicial transparency and accountability. The research focused on four key ICT systems: the Electronic Case Management System (ECMS), SMS inquiry system, video conferencing, and digital recording of proceedings and transcription. The study was grounded on the Technology Acceptance Model, Disruptive Innovation Theory, and Dynamic Capabilities Theory. A mixed methods approach was employed, using both quantitative and qualitative research techniques. A sample of 270 respondents including judicial officers, lawyers, prosecutors, and litigants was selected through stratified simple random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and interview schedules, then analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics via SPSS. The findings revealed that all four ICT systems positively and significantly influence the performance of Milimani Law Courts. ECMS had the highest influence on improving case management, efficiency, and record accessibility. The SMS inquiry system enhanced communication between the court and litigants, though with moderate influence compared to other technologies. Video conferencing emerged as a critical tool for enabling remote participation, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, while digital recording and transcription significantly improved accuracy, transparency, and accountability in court proceedings. Overall, the adoption of ICT systems has contributed to faster case resolution, better access to justice, and enhanced transparency in legal processes. The study concludes that ICT adoption is instrumental in transforming judicial operations, and it recommends further investment in digital infrastructure, continuous user training, and policy reforms to support sustained implementation. It also calls for further research into the long-term effects of ICT adoption across various levels of Kenya’s judicial system.
Effect of Risk Identification Practices on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya.
In an increasingly volatile global financial climate, commercial banks' ability to anticipate hazards before they occur has become a critical determinant of survival and profitability. This study investigated the impact of risk identification techniques on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya, acknowledging that risk identification is the foundation of good risk management. Based on Agency Theory, the study stressed the link between managerial responsibility and shareholder profit through clear and systematic risk detection. A multidimensional research design was used, based on a positivist worldview. The target population consisted of 2,293 senior management workers from 38 commercial banks, with a stratified random sample of 266 respondents. Primary data were gathered through structured questionnaires, while secondary financial data were obtained from the Central Bank of Kenya and audited reports covering the years 2019-2023. Statistical analysis with SPSS (version 27) included descriptive, correlation, and regression procedures. The study found a substantial positive correlation between risk detection techniques and financial performance (r = 0.679, p < 0.05). Regression study showed that risk brainstorming sessions (β = 0.467), documentation review (β = 0.453), and stakeholder participation (β = 0.190) significantly improved banks' returns on assets, equity, and profitability. The study indicated that systematic and continual risk identification is crucial for maintaining competitiveness, reducing losses, and improving financial stability. It suggests that banks organize regular cross-departmental brainstorming sessions, implement technical analytics tools, and strengthen stakeholder collaboration to improve proactive risk detection. Furthermore, the Central Bank of Kenya should standardize and monitor risk identification procedures across all commercial banks to ensure systemic stability. Overall, the study contributes to the increasing body of financial risk management literature by establishing that effective risk identification is not only a defensive mechanism but also a strategic driver of long-term financial performance in Kenya's banking system.
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research (IJSSHR) ISSN 2959-7056 (o); 2959-7048 (p) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Stakeholder Management and Project Performance of Donor Funded Projects in Nakuru County, Kenya
Stakeholder management plays a critical role in determining the success or failure of projects, particularly donor-funded initiatives in Nakuru County. By involving stakeholders in project planning, budgeting, and scoping, it becomes possible to address challenges effectively. This study aims to contribute to existing knowledge by examining how stakeholder management influences the performance of such projects. Specifically, the study seeks to analyze the impact of stakeholder identification, planning, engagement, and monitoring on project performance in Nakuru County. The study draws on theories including resource dependency, social exchange, stakeholder, and system theories to guide its exploration. Using a descriptive survey design, the research will focus on 50 projects spanning agriculture, education, and environment sectors. Two respondents per project will provide data, totaling 100 participants. The census technique will be employed to ensure comprehensive data collection, with a stratified random sample used to ensure representation across the population based on predetermined criteria. This approach will provide valuable insights into the dynamics of stakeholder management and its implications for project success in Nakuru County. distributed evenly or proportionally in the sample. The Slovak formula later used by Yamane (1967) was used to determine the sample size in this study because it took the population size into account. The confidence level chosen for this study was 95%, which corresponded to a margin of error of 0.05. Structured research questions were used to collect data which was analyzed both descriptively and through regression analysis using SPSS Version 25. The research findings were presented in tabulated form, employing statistical measures like means, standard deviation, percentages, regression, and correlations. The investigation indicated that stakeholder identification significantly influenced donor-sponsored projects in Nakuru County. Similarly, project planning emerged as a significant predictor of project performance in the same county. However, stakeholder engagement and monitoring were found to have an insignificant impact on project performance. Consequently, the study concluded that effective stakeholder management plays a crucial role in determining the success of donor-funded projects in Nakuru County. To enhance project outcomes, the study suggests conducting comprehensive stakeholder analyses to identify all pertinent stakeholders. Furthermore, it recommends that the government incorporate sustainability planning into project design and implementation. This involves identifying opportunities for local ownership, capacity development, and resource mobilization beyond the donor funding period. Additionally, the government should devise a stakeholder engagement plan delineating how each stakeholder will be involved throughout the project lifecycle. Clear communication channels and mechanisms should be established to enable stakeholders to provide feedback, voice concerns, and participate in decision-making processes. Moreover, the government ought to establish robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to track project performance against predefined indicators and targets. It is crucial to involve stakeholders in the monitoring and evaluation process to gather their feedback and insights, which can inform mid-course corrections and improvements.
Role of Fintech Platforms in Enhancing Financial Inclusion Among Small and Medium Enterprises in Kilifi County, Kenya
This study investigated the role of FinTech platforms (mobile banking, agency banking, and mobile money) in promoting financial inclusion among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Kilifi County, Kenya, with specific focus on the mediating effect of mobile technology accessibility (smartphone penetration, network coverage, and digital literacy). Despite Kenya’s global leadership in digital financial services, SMEs in rural and coastal counties like Kilifi remain financially excluded due to poor infrastructure, low digital literacy, and the limited extension of FinTech tools into credit and savings products. While existing studies concentrate on urban centres or national aggregates, this research addresses the rural gap by examining FinTech’s impact in a predominantly rural setting and explicitly testing mobile technology accessibility as a mediator. A cross-sectional survey design was used, with structured questionnaires administered to 223 registered SMEs across Kilifi County between 2023 and 2025. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25 through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and linear regression. Results revealed high adoption across all platforms: mobile money was used almost daily, mobile banking predominantly daily-to-weekly, and agency banking typically weekly. However, SMEs rated accessibility, usefulness, and performance as neutral, indicating that widespread adoption has not yet delivered deep satisfaction or transformative inclusion. Inferential analysis confirmed significant positive effects on financial inclusion. Mobile banking proved the most powerful driver (strongest correlation and highest explanatory power), followed by mobile money, with agency banking showing the weakest but still meaningful influence. Mobile technology accessibility partially mediated the FinTech–inclusion relationship; its consistently moderate scores explain why high adoption has not translated into proportionally stronger outcomes. The findings strongly support Diffusion of Innovation Theory (Rogers, 1962), Theory of Financial Innovations (Silber, 1983), and resource-based perspectives, highlighting technological infrastructure and skills as binding constraints in rural areas. The study concludes that FinTech platforms significantly advance financial inclusion for Kilifi SMEs, with mobile banking having the greatest impact, but persistent accessibility gaps remain the main bottleneck to realising the full potential of digital finance. Recommendations emphasise urgent government investment in Kilifi’s network infrastructure and large-scale digital literacy programmes, expansion of agency networks and SME-specific products by financial institutions, and deeper, more skilled use of mobile money by entrepreneurs. The research provides empirical evidence for Kenya’s Vision 2030 inclusive growth agenda and lays a foundation for future longitudinal and inter-county comparative studies
Influence of Abiro Health Programme on Maternal Mortality Rate Awareness Among Registered Women in Ilorin West Local Government Public Hospitals
This study investigates the impact of "Abiro," a 30-minute Yoruba-language radio program, on maternal healthcare awareness and knowledge among registered pregnant women in Ilorin West Local Government Public Hospitals. The program aims to reduce maternal and infant mortality rates by educating women on maternal healthcare. The study explores the extent to which exposure to "Abiro" influences awareness and knowledge of maternal health among pregnant women. Using a survey method with structured questionnaires, the study collected data from 369 respondents. Anchored on the Health Belief Model and Uses and Gratification Theory, the study reveals that "Abiro" significantly improves maternal healthcare knowledge, particularly in preparing for delivery. The findings highlight the potential of community-oriented radio programs in empowering vulnerable populations with essential health information. The study's results have implications for promoting maternal healthcare awareness and education among pregnant women in Nigeria. By examining the influence of "Abiro" on maternal health awareness and knowledge, this study contributes to the understanding of the role of media in promoting public health outcomes.
Influence of Formality in Communication Strategies On Resistance to Organizational Change in The Taita Taveta County Government, Kenya.
Effective communication is central to the success of organizational change, particularly within public institutions characterized by bureaucratic structures and political complexities. This study examined the influence of formality in communication strategies on resistance to organizational change in the Taita Taveta County Government, Kenya, guided by the Uncertainty Reduction Theory (URT). The research was motivated by persistent resistance to reforms in Kenya’s devolved governance systems, where unclear and inconsistent communication often leads to employee mistrust, policy delays, and project failures. Using a descriptive survey design and a convergent mixed-methods approach, the study integrated both quantitative and qualitative data to provide a comprehensive understanding of how structured communication impacts change acceptance. The target population comprised 3,500 county employees, from which 346 respondents were sampled through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews and analyzed using SPSS version 27 for quantitative analysis and NVivo for qualitative insights.The findings revealed a strong and statistically significant negative relationship between formality in communication strategies and resistance to organizational change (R = 0.742, R² = 0.551, β = -0.742, p < 0.001). This implies that 55.1% of the variation in resistance was explained by communication formality. Structured, official, and hierarchical communication enhanced clarity, built trust, and reduced ambiguity among employees, thereby lowering resistance levels. Descriptive results showed that formal communication reduced uncertainty (M = 4.01) and promoted consistent use of official channels (M = 3.85), though excessive rigidity (M = 2.45) occasionally alienated employees. The study confirmed the URT’s proposition that clear and reliable communication mitigates psychological anxiety during change. The study concluded that formal communication practices significantly enhance organizational adaptability when balanced with empathy and inclusivity. It recommended that the Taita Taveta County Government institutionalise standardised communication systems, integrate participatory feedback mechanisms, and train leaders on empathetic yet authoritative messaging. Moreover, it suggested the adoption of ICT-based communication tools to improve accessibility and transparency. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on change management in devolved public sectors, demonstrating that effective communication is not merely procedural but strategic in building trust and reducing resistance.
Workforce Diversity Management and Employee Performance in Large Commercial Banks in Nairobi County, Kenya
In today’s rapidly evolving business landscape, managing diversity has become a defining factor in organizational success. Large commercial banks in Nairobi County operate within an environment characterized by technological disruption, intense competition, and a highly heterogeneous workforce. This study titled “Workforce Diversity Management and Employee Performance in Large Commercial Banks in Nairobi County, Kenya” investigates how effective management of employee diversity enhances productivity, motivation, and institutional growth. Anchored on Human Capital Theory, Social Role Theory, Equity Theory, and Generational Cohort Theory, the study examined four key dimensions of workforce diversity management—educational background, gender, marital status, and age—and their influence on employee performance. Guided by a descriptive research design, the study targeted a sample drawn from six large commercial banks. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that all four diversity management practices significantly affected employee performance. Educational background management improved innovation and problem-solving; gender diversity management fostered inclusion and collaboration; marital status management enhanced work–life balance and commitment; while age diversity management promoted knowledge transfer and team synergy. Collectively, these practices accounted for a substantial variance in employee performance across the banks studied. The research concludes that effective workforce diversity management is not merely a compliance issue but a strategic imperative for sustainable competitiveness. It recommends that bank managers institutionalize equitable policies in recruitment, promotion, and training, while fostering a culture that values and leverages employee differences. The study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on human resource management by demonstrating that diversity, when managed inclusively, transforms into a vital source of innovation, organizational resilience, and superior performance within Kenya’s dynamic financial sector.
Project Management Practices and Resilience Outcomes of Projects in Flood-Prone Areas of Tana River County, Kenya.
Floods remained among the most devastating natural disasters globally, and their impacts were particularly severe in Kenya’s Tana River County, where recurrent flooding disrupted livelihoods, displaced populations, and caused extensive property damage. This study investigated the relationship between project management practices and resilience outcomes of projects in flood-prone areas of Tana River County, Kenya. The research was guided by four specific objectives: to determine the relationship between project planning, project communication management, project resource management, and project stakeholder engagement on resilience outcomes of flood-prone projects. The study was anchored on Contingency Theory of Planning, Communication Theory, Resource-Based View (RBV), and Stakeholder Theory, which provided the theoretical basis for linking effective management practices to enhanced project resilience. The study adopted a descriptive research design and targeted 10,864 project participants across public and non-governmental organizations in Tana River County. Using Yamane’s formula, a sample size of 385 respondents was determined. Stratified random sampling was employed to ensure proportional representation from different project sectors, followed by simple random sampling to select individual respondents. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed through descriptive statistics and inferential analysis, including Pearson correlation and multiple regression, with the aid of SPSS software. The findings revealed that all four project management practices had significant positive relationships with resilience outcomes. Project planning enhanced preparedness and adaptability to flooding events, while effective communication management facilitated timely information sharing and coordination among stakeholders. Resource management practices improved the mobilization and utilization of financial, human, and infrastructural resources, thereby strengthening response and recovery capacities. Stakeholder engagement fostered community ownership, collaboration, and sustainability of resilience initiatives. Collectively, these practices explained a substantial proportion of variance in resilience outcomes. The study concluded that robust project management practices significantly improved the resilience of flood-prone communities in Tana River County. It recommended that project managers, policymakers, and development agencies institutionalize integrated planning, inclusive communication systems, participatory stakeholder frameworks, and sustainable resource management strategies to mitigate the adverse impacts of flooding and enhance long-term community resilience.
Compliance Auditing Practices and Procurement Governance Outcomes in County Government of Mombasa, Kenya
Procurement governance is a critical component of public sector management, ensuring transparency, accountability, and efficiency in procurement processes. However, persistent inefficiencies, corruption, and weak enforcement of procurement laws undermine procurement governance in Mombasa County, Kenya. Compliance auditing has been recognized as a key mechanism for enhancing procurement governance by ensuring adherence to procurement laws and promoting financial accountability. While compliance auditing has significantly improved procurement efficiency in developed economies, its effectiveness in emerging economies like Kenya remains unclear due to weak enforcement mechanisms, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and insufficient professional training. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the influence of compliance auditing practices on procurement governance outcomes in Mombasa County Government, Kenya. Specifically, it sought to examine key compliance auditing variables, including audit type, audit criteria, audit independence, and the role of audit processes, and to determine their impact on procurement governance outcomes in Mombasa County Government. The study was anchored on the Agency Theory, the Institutional Theory, the Stakeholder Theory, and the Compliance Theory. The study adopted a descriptive and explanatory research design to analyze the relationship between compliance auditing and procurement governance. The target population consists of procurement officers, internal and external auditors, and county government officials involved in procurement processes. Stratified random sampling was employed to ensure fair representation across different respondent categories, with a sample size of 75 determined using Yamane’s formula. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaires measuring key variables, including audit type, audit criteria, audit process, and audit independence. Secondary data was obtained from procurement audit reports, county financial statements, and policy documents. Data analysis involved both descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlation and multiple regression analysis, to assess the impact of compliance auditing practices on procurement governance outcomes. The results showed that all four audit dimensions significantly and positively predict procurement governance outcomes (R2=0.870, Adjusted R2=0.756, F (6.198, p < 0.05). Among them, Audit Independence (β = 0.460) emerged as the most influential factor, followed by Audit Type (β = 0.411), Audit Criteria (β = 0.277), and Audit Process (β = 0.159). Collectively, these findings imply that strengthening the independence, diversity, standards, and procedural integrity of audits can substantially enhance transparency, accountability, and efficiency in procurement governance within Mombasa County. The study recommends institutionalizing diverse audit types, compliance, performance, and forensic, as integral oversight tools. The study also recommends that Mombasa County Government institutionalize comprehensive audit criteria encompassing legal, ethical, and operational standards. The study further recommends that Mombasa County Government strengthen the institutional autonomy of procurement audit units by establishing independent reporting structures. The study finally recommends that Mombasa County Government strengthen its audit process through increased resource allocation, enhanced training for audit staff, and robust follow-up mechanisms to ensure full implementation of audit recommendations.
Transforming Mining Education in Kenya: Bridging Skills Gaps for Technological Readiness and a Sustainable Future
Kenya’s mining sector holds significant potential to contribute to economic diversification and sustainable development, yet its growth is constrained by a persistent mismatch between educational output and industry demands. This paper examines the state of mining education in Kenya, identifying key skills gaps that limit technological readiness and hinder the adoption of sustainable mining practices. Using a traditional (narrative) literature review approach, the study synthesizes findings from academic and policy sources to provide a comprehensive understanding of current challenges and opportunities. The review reveals that mining education remains largely traditional, with outdated curricula, limited access to modern technologies, and weak linkages between academia and industry. These gaps have led to a shortage of competent professionals capable of operating within a rapidly digitalizing and sustainability-driven global mining environment. Drawing insights from international best practices in countries such as Australia, South Africa, and Canada, the paper highlights the need for curriculum reform, enhanced industry partnerships, investment in technological infrastructure, and the integration of sustainability principles into all aspects of mining education. The findings emphasize that transforming Kenya’s mining education system is essential for preparing a workforce that is technologically competent, environmentally conscious, and aligned with the nation’s Vision 2030 and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Inventory Management Practices and Procurement Performance of Nakuru Water and Sanitation Company, Kenya
Inventory management is a critical component of procurement efficiency, ensuring maximum resource usage, reduced operational costs, and timely delivery of products and services. Efficient inventory management procedures are crucial for public utility firms like Nakuru Water and Sanitation Company (NAWASSCO) to maintain uninterrupted service delivery and meet consumer demands. However, inefficiencies in inventory planning, management, record accuracy, and stock level monitoring frequently result in delayed procurement procedures, stock outs, and excessive inventory expenses. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of inventory management practices on procurement performance at NAWASSCO. The study specifically looked at the impact of inventory planning, inventory control techniques, record accuracy, and stock level monitoring on procurement performance. The Economic Order Quantity Model, Just-in-Time Theory, and Inventory Control Theory served as the study's framework. The target population comprised 63 (sixty-three) NAWASSCO personnel from areas such as procurement, finance, technical operations, ICT, Audit, stores, and department heads. The study adopted a census technique to include all 63personnel. A pilot study was conducted in Nakuru Rural Water and Sanitation Company to ascertain the instrument of data collection reliability and validity. Questionnaires were preferred in data collection and offered convenience to respondents. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. With the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive analysis used frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, while inferential statistical analysis involved the use of Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient. The relationship between inventory management practices and procurement performance at Nakuru Water and Sanitation Company (NAWASSCO) was determined through regression analysis using R², beta coefficients, standard errors, and p-values. The descriptive and inferential data indicated that inventory management strategies have a substantial impact on procurement performance. The results showed that inventory planning (β = 0.355, p =.000 < 0.05), inventory control techniques (β = 0.425, p =.000 < 0.05), and inventory record accuracy (β = 0.438, p =.000 < 0.05) significantly improved procurement performance. This indicates that excellent inventory planning, proper management mechanisms, and correct inventory records all contribute to increased procurement efficiency. The report recommends that NAWASSCO incorporate efficient inventory planning into its procurement framework to achieve accurate forecasts and timely material replenishment. Furthermore, the company should develop its inventory control systems and update inventory records on a regular basis to improve decision-making and reduce discrepancies. Furthermore, it should combine its stock level monitoring technologies with other inventory management components, such as planning, control, and record accuracy, to ensure timely reordering, avoid stock outs or overstocking. Implementing these principles can improve openness, shorten procurement delays, and boost overall organizational performance.
Information Systems and Organizational Digital Transformation of Selected Agencies in The Ministry Of Education In Nairobi City County, Kenya
Despite significant investments in information systems (IS) within Kenya’s education sector, the realization of full-scale digital transformation across agencies under the Ministry of Education remains uneven and slow. The general objective of the study is to establish the influence of information systems on organizational digital transformation of selected agencies in the ministry of education in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to determine the influence of systems quality, systems user satisfaction, systems integration, information quality on organizational digital transformation of selected agencies in the ministry of education in Nairobi City County, Kenya. This study was guided by Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Expectation-Confirmation Theory (ECT), Systems Theory and Resource-Based View (RBV). The study used a descriptive research design. The target population was agencies in the ministry of education in Nairobi City County, Kenya. According to the Ministry of Education Report (2024), there are 17 agencies in the ministry of education. However, the study targeted only 10 agencies. In every agency the study targeted employees working in IT department since they are in a better position to provide information on the influence of information systems on organizational digital transformation of selected agencies in the ministry of education in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The total target population was therefore 153 employees. Due to small size of the target population, the study employed a census approach. This research used a questionnaire to collect primary data. The study used a total of 15 individuals in the pilot test which represent 10% of target population. The pilot sample was not included in the final study. Data from questionnaires were coded and analyzed using the latest Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software. The study used descriptive and inferential statistics for data analysis. The study results were presented through use of tables and figures. The study concludes that systems quality, systems user satisfaction, systems integration, information quality has a positive and significant effect on organizational digital transformation of selected agencies in the ministry of education in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Based on the findings, the study recommended that the Ministry of Education in Kenya should invest in developing and implementing interoperable platforms that allow seamless data sharing and communication across departments and agencies. By adopting standardized protocols, compatible software solutions, and centralized databases, the ministry can eliminate data silos, reduce duplication of work, and enhance real-time decision-making.
Human Resource Planning and Performance of Commercial Banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya
The banking environment in Kenya has, for the past decade, undergone many regulatory and financial reforms. However, commercial banks are plagued by problems that significantly affect their performance. The general objective of the study is to establish the role of human resource planning on commercial banks performance in Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to evaluate the effect of human resource forecasting, human resource inventory, human resource audit, human resource succession projections on commercial banks performance in Kenya. This study was guided by: Human Capital Theory, Resource-Based View (RBV) Theory, Agency Theory and Systems Theory. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey. The target population of this study comprised all the 40 commercial banks in Kenya. The study population for this study was senior employee (management level) of commercial banks at their head office in Nairobi. The study population composed of 623 members of staff in at management level currently working at head office of commercial banks in Kenya. Sampling frame were the list of 623 members of staff at management level currently working at head office of commercial banks in Kenya. The study used Fisher, Laing and Stoeckel (1983) formula to arrive at the sample size of the study. From the formula, the sample size of the study was 83 respondents. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select the sample. The questionnaire was the selected instrument or tool for data collection for the study. The study carried out a pilot study to pretest and validate the questionnaire. Quantitative data collected was analyzed by the use of descriptive statistics using SPSS (Version, 23) and presented through percentages, means, standard deviations and frequencies. The study conducted a correlation analysis to establish the strength of the relationship between the independent and the dependent variable. In addition, a multiple regression was used to measure the quantitative data. Data was presented using tables, and pie charts. The study concludes that human resource forecasting, human resource inventory, human resource audit and human resource succession projections has a positive and significant effect on commercial banks performance in Kenya. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the management of commercial banks in Kenya should maintain a comprehensive and regularly updated human resource inventory that captures employee demographics, skills, qualifications, and career progression. In addition, the study recommends that the management of commercial banks in Kenya should adopt data-driven human resource forecasting models that utilize workforce analytics to predict future staffing needs in line with market trends, technological advancements, and customer demands.
Warehousing Automation Technologies and Operational Efficiency of Large Beverage Manufacturing Firms in Nairobi County, Kenya
Operational efficiency is critical for large beverage manufacturing firms in Nairobi County as it directly impacts their ability to meet the country’s growing demand for beverages while maintaining competitive pricing and quality standards. However, large beverage manufacturing firms in Nairobi County face significant challenges in achieving their performance. The general objective of the study is to assess the influence of warehousing automation technologies on operational efficiency in large beverage manufacturing firms in Nairobi County, Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to examine the influence of automated storage, retrieval systems, autonomous mobile robots and robotic picking systems on operational efficiency in large beverage manufacturing firms in Nairobi County, Kenya. This study was guided by Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Resource-Based View (RBV) Theory, Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) Theory and Lean Management Theory. This study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population of this study was 130 registered large beverage manufacturing firms in Nairobi County as per KAM Directory 2024. The study targeted management employees. In this study, the sampling frame was a list of all 130 registered large beverage manufacturing firms in Nairobi. The Yamane formula was adopted to calculate the study sample size. Therefore, the study sample size was 264 respondents. This research used a questionnaire to collect primary data. Data from questionnaires were coded and analyzed using the latest Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software. The study used descriptive and inferential statistics for data analysis. Descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, mean (measure of dispersion), standard deviation, and percentages were used. Inferential data analysis was conducted by use of Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. The study results were presented through use of tables and figures. The study concludes that automated storage, retrieval systems, autonomous mobile robots and robotic picking systems has a positive and significant effect on operational efficiency in large beverage manufacturing firms in Nairobi County, Kenya. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the management of large beverage manufacturing firms in Kenya should expand the deployment of these robots within their production and warehouse operations. By leveraging their capabilities in material handling, inventory movement, and order fulfillment, firms can significantly reduce manual labor, minimize human error, and speed up processes
Functional Strategies Implementation and Service Delivery of Kiambu County Government in Kenya
Functional strategies play a pivotal role in guiding policy development and enhancing organizational effectiveness. However, public concerns have been raised regarding the timeliness, effectiveness, and achievement of set objectives in the service delivery of the Kiambu County Government in Kenya. This study sought to explore the influence of implementing functional strategies on service delivery. The specific objectives were to assess the impact of human resource, supply chain, operational, and technological strategies on service delivery. The research was grounded in Adams' Equity Theory, Systems Theory, Stakeholder Theory, and the Technology Adoption Model. A descriptive research design was utilized, with data collected via questionnaires from 120 senior, middle, and supervisory officers in Kiambu County Government, achieving a 90%response rate. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Pearson correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between service delivery and human resource strategies(r=0.822),supply chain strategies(r=0.737),operational strategies(r=0.714)and technological strategies(r=0.811),,all statistically significant(p<0.01).A multiple regression model revealed that these functional strategies collectively accounted for 52.1%of the variance in service delivery.Notably, technological strategies emerged as the most potent predictor(β=0.539), followed by human resource strategies. This indicates that while an integrated approach is essential, strategic investment in technology may currently offer the highest leverage for improving service delivery in Kiambu County. The study concludes that a concerted focus on these functional strategies is crucial for enhancing service delivery. It recommends that the county government invest in advanced technologies, enhance human resource incentives and performance evaluations, strengthen supply chain vendor accountability, and optimize operational processes for continuous improvement
Challenges Affecting the Implementation of e-Government Procurement in Kenyan County Governments.
In a rapidly digitizing public sector, e-Government Procurement (e-GP) has emerged as a cornerstone for enhancing transparency, accountability, and efficiency in public expenditure management. Despite Kenya’s commitment to full digital procurement transition by July 1, 2025, the reality on the ground reveals a fragmented and inconsistent adoption across county governments. This study, titled Challenges Affecting the Implementation of e-Government Procurement in Kenyan County Governments, examined the key factors influencing the adoption and operationalization of e-GP, focusing on technological infrastructure, staff capacity, organizational support, and institutional frameworks. Anchored on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) by Davis (1989), the research employed a mixed descriptive design targeting 142 e-procurement users across four representative counties Nairobi, Kisumu, Meru, and Turkana with a sample size of 58 respondents. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics via SPSS. The regression analysis revealed that the model explained 52.1% (R² = 0.521) of the variation in e-GP implementation, with all four predictors being statistically significant (p < 0.05). Institutional frameworks had the strongest influence (β = 0.539), followed by technological infrastructure (β = 0.452), staff capacity (β = 0.297), and organizational support (β = 0.268). These findings indicate that clear legal frameworks, supportive leadership, robust ICT systems, and well-trained personnel are crucial for the successful adoption of e-GP. However, the study also established that less than 45% of counties have fully integrated the system, largely due to infrastructure deficiencies, skill gaps, and weak policy enforcement. The study concludes that strengthening institutional frameworks, enhancing digital capacity building, and improving technological infrastructure are essential for sustainable e-GP implementation. It recommends harmonization of procurement policies between national and county governments and continuous system monitoring to ensure compliance and accountability. Further research should compare successful and lagging counties to identify contextual enablers and assess the long-term impact of e-GP on cost efficiency and corruption reduction in devolved governance.
Influence of Human Resource Development Practices on Employee Performance; A Case of Horticultural Flower Industry in Kenya
Organizational success or failure largely depended on employee performance. Many organizations therefore invested substantial amounts of money in developing human capital in order to achieve competitive advantage. This study therefore aimed to investigate the influence of human resource development practices on the performance of the horticultural flower industry in Kenya. The objectives of the study were to determine the influence of recruitment and selection on employee performance within the horticultural industry in Kenya, to assess how training and development influenced employee performance, to determine the influence of reward and compensation on employee performance, and to examine the effect of work environment improvement on employee performance within the horticultural flower industry in Kenya. The study was anchored on the Human Resource-Based View (RBV) Theory and Organizational Learning Theory. The study employed a descriptive research design. Mt. Kenya region directly employed about 9,600 workers who formed the target population for the study. Sixteen flower farms from the Mt. Kenya region were purposely selected. A sample of 384 respondents was drawn from the population. Primary data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires containing both open- and closed-ended questions. The questionnaires were administered by the researcher under close supervision. Pilot testing of the questionnaires was conducted through convenience sampling. The data gathered were analyzed quantitatively using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Both descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. Descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation, were used to summarize the characteristics of the study variables, while inferential statistics were used to establish the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Finally, multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the overall relationship between employee performance and the independent variables. The study concluded that recruitment and selection, training and development, reward and compensation management, and work environment all had a significant influence on employee performance within the horticultural flower industry in Kenya. It was recommended that horticultural firms implement structured recruitment processes that include rigorous screening, interviews, and assessments to identify candidates who meet both technical and cultural fit requirements. Additionally, firms should develop comprehensive development plans outlining employee training needs and career paths, regularly assess skills, and tailor training programs accordingly. The study further recommended that firms ensure compensation packages remain fair and competitive within the industry and foster a positive organizational culture that values diversity, teamwork, and employee recognition.
Contract Management Practices and Project Performance of Parastatals Under the Ministry of Energy and Petroleum in Kenya
The relationship between contract management practices and the performance of projects is integral to achieving project goals, managing risks, fostering collaboration, and ensuring long-term success, both developed and developing world have had its fair share of challenges associated with poor project contract management and consequently leading loses in taxpayers’ money. The primary objective of this study was to determine the influence of contract management practices on the project performance of ministry of energy and petroleum parastatals in Kenya. The research was based on specific objectives, such as contract planning, contract monitoring, contract cost management, and contract documentation on the performance of ministry of energy and petroleum parastatals. Theories, such as the transaction-cost economics theory, stakeholder theory, institutional theory, and agency theory, also guided the study. This study employed a cross-sectional survey approach and mainly concentrate on 13 ministry of energy and petroleum parastatals in Kenya. To meet the research objectives, the departmental heads and other officers across various departments were used as analysis units across the firms. The pilot study targeted 9 respondents, 10% of the final study sample size, of which respondents were randomly chosen in each firm. The primary data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire that included open and closed-ended questions designed to obtain definite responses. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 28) was used to analyze the data, present the variables through coding, and summarize all the respondents' responses. Data analysis was presented in the form of tables. The Cronbach’s Alpha value was greater than 0.7 which indicated that the questionnaire met the minimum acceptable threshold. The study findings showed that contract management practices namely contract planning, contract monitoring, contract cost management and contract documentation significantly influence the performance of parastatals in Kenya. The study concluded that performance was predicted to improve for every unit increase in these practices. The study further recommends that the parastatals should improve contract monitoring to increase their project performance. Also, management should develop and implements risk mitigation plans. According to the research, the parastatals should ensure contract planning process involves all relevant stakeholders, including procurement, legal, and technical teams. To achieve this, companies should ensure active participation of diverse stakeholders, including procurement, legal, and technical teams.
Board Characteristics and Financial Performance of Deposit-Taking Saccos in Nairobi County, Kenya
Board characteristics are a critical element of corporate governance, hypothesized to significantly influence organizational financial performance. This study sought to determine the effect of board characteristics on the financial performance of Deposit Taking SACCOs (DTS) in Nairobi County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to assess the influence of board diversity, independence, education level, and service term on financial performance. The study was grounded in Agency Theory, Stewardship Theory, Stakeholder Theory, and Resource Dependency Theory. A descriptive research design was employed, with data collected via semi-structured questionnaires from 94 senior managers and board committee chairs across all 47 licensed DTS in Nairobi County (a census). Data were analyzed using SPSS. Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships between financial performance and board diversity (r=0.545), education level (r=0.514), and board term (r=0.501). A multiple regression model showed that board diversity, independence, and education collectively explained 39.7% of the variance in financial performance (R² = 0.397, F=19.773, p<0.01). Board diversity (β=0.427, p<0.01) and education level (β=0.309, p<0.01) were found to be statistically significant predictors, while board independence was not (β=0.069, p=0.337). Board term was excluded from the final model due to high multicollinearity with education. The study concludes that board diversity and educational qualifications are pivotal for enhancing the financial performance of SACCOs, whereas board independence, in this context, is less impactful. It is recommended that SACCOs prioritize gender and age diversity in board composition and invest in continuous director education to bolster strategic decision-making and financial outcome.
Procurement Management Practices and Supply Chain Performance of County Referral Hospitals in Kenya
Currently, the health business environment is characterized by increasing uncertainties. Procurement management has emerged as an important approach for enterprises to achieve profit and market share objectives by reducing environmental risk experienced due to poor technology adoption. The primary aim of this study was to determine the influence of procurement management on the supply chain performance of county referral hospitals in Kenya. The research was based on specific objectives, such as procurement risk management, stakeholder management, supplier appraisal, and contract management on the supply chain performance of county referral hospitals. Theories, such as the Resource-Based View Theory, stakeholder theory, relational view theory, and agency theory, also guided the study. This study employed a cross-sectional survey approach, mainly concentrating on 47 county referral hospitals in Kenya. To meet the research objectives, the departmental heads in the procurement department was used as observation units across the firms. The pilot study targeted 10 respondents, 10% of the final study sample size, of which respondents were randomly chosen in each firm. The primary data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire that included open and closed-ended questions designed to obtain definite responses. For this study, the quantitative data collected was analyzed by using SPSS version 28 to calculate the response rate using descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. The Cronbach’s Alpha value was greater than 0.7 which indicated that the questionnaire met the minimum acceptable threshold. The study findings showed that procurement management practices namely procurement risk management, stakeholder management, supplier appraisal and contract management significantly influence the supply chain performance of county referral hospitals in Kenya. The study concluded that supply chain performance was predicted to improve for every unit increase in these practices. The study further recommends that county referral hospitals should ensure their risk register is regularly reviewed and revised. To achieve this, companies should establish a structured schedule for risk reviews based on risk severity, assign clear risk owners responsible for updates, and integrate these reviews into routine committee meetings such as quality or risk management committees to monitor and act on changes promptly. This will ensure improved procurement management practices and improve supply chain performance of county referral hospitals.
Effect of Management Practices on Agricultural Production in Kenya: A Case Study of Taita Taveta County, Kenya
Agriculture remains a central pillar of Kenya’s economy, yet productivity among smallholder farmers continues to vary due to differences in management practices. This study examined the influence of key management practices, training, funding, leadership style, and stakeholder involvementon agricultural production in Taita Taveta County. Guided by the Systems Management Theory and the Resource Endowment Theory, the research adopted a descriptive survey design targeting 1,283 cassava farmers registered under TANAFACO, from which a random sample of 128 respondents was selected. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire whose validity was ensured through expert review, literature grounding, and construct alignment, while reliability was confirmed using the split-half method. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression with SPSS version 27. The study achieved a 100% response rate. Findings revealed that training had a significant positive effect on agricultural production (β = –.245, p = .005), indicating that increased farmer training enhances productivity. Funding also significantly influenced production (β = –.176, p = .046), suggesting that access to subsidized inputs, credit, and supportive government programs contributes to improved yields. Stakeholder involvement was similarly found to significantly predict agricultural production (β = .223, p = .028), underscoring the importance of cooperative engagement, value-chain participation, and institutional support. Conversely, leadership style showed no significant effect on production (β = .084, p = .345), implying that leadership practices within farmer cooperatives may be weakly institutionalized or minimally linked to farm-level outcomes. Overall, the study concludes that training, funding, and stakeholder involvement are critical drivers of agricultural productivity, whereas leadership requires further strengthening to become impactful. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, extension agents, and farmer organizations seeking to enhance agricultural performance in semi-arid regions. The study recommends increased investment in tailored farmer training, expanded access to financing mechanisms, and strengthened stakeholder collaboration across the cassava value chain. Future research should examine the long-term effects of training models, compare funding mechanisms, explore leadership dynamics in rural cooperatives, and assess deeper levels of stakeholder participation across different agro ecological zones.